ch5 methods almost complete

data_types.md

@@ -453,4 +453,123 @@ struct User {
 }
 ```
 
-In short use data times that are owned rather than references
+In short use data times that are owned rather than references
+
+## Adding Increased Functionality of Structs with derived traits
+
+print can do many different types of formatting
+Cant print out structs by default because there are so many options
+with or without braces, commas, should all fields be shown
+This will cause an error
+```rust
+struct Rectangle {
+    length: u32,
+    width: u32,
+}
+    let rect1 = Rectangle {
+        length: 8,
+        width: 4,
+    };
+    println!("rect1 contains {}", rect1);
+```
+
+{} tell println to use Display by default because there is only one way to show many primitive data types
+
+{var_name:?} this is for the format Debug
+{var_name:#?} this is for pretty printing in Debug format, good for larger structs
+
+Debug is also not implemented for the struct and therefore not supported
+
+```rust
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Rectangle {
+    length: u32,
+    width: u32,
+}
+    // snip
+    println!("rect1 contains {rect1:?}");   // single line print, in debug format, output: rect1 contains Rectangle { length: 8, width: 4 }
+    println!("rect1 contains {rect1:#?}");  // pretty print in debug format, output: rect1 contains Rectangle {
+                                            // length: 8,
+                                            // width: 4,
+                                            // }
+```
+
+Another way to output pretty debug format by default is dbg! macro
+this prints out the file and line number as well of where it was called and returns the ownership of the value
+this prints to the stderr output stream
+this takes ownership of values compaired to println!
+prints to stdout output stream
+
+example of using dbg
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let scale = 2;
+    let rect1 = Rectangle {
+        width: dbg!(30 * scale),
+        height: 50,
+    };
+    dbg!(&rect1); // because it takes ownership need to pass in a reference
+}
+```
+output
+[src/main.rs:10:16] 30 * scale = 60
+[src/main.rs:14:5] &rect1 = Rectangle {
+    width: 60,
+    height: 50,
+}
+
+## Methods
+Fucntions that are more closely related to structs
+
+similar to functions decalred, param and output are all the same
+
+run the code when the method is declared elsewhere
+
+unlike functions they are defined in the context of a struct, an enum or a trait
+
+first parameter is always self, which represents the instance of the struct that is is being called upon
+just like python methods
+
+definition
+```rust
+struct Rectangle {
+    length: u32,
+    width: u32,
+}
+
+// implementation block for Rectangle used to define fn related to the struct
+// put in this blcok so that the use case doesnt need to be searched
+impl Rectangle {
+    // fn moved to here to that it has access to the instance with the self reference
+    // fn now closely related to the rect struct
+    // first param must be the type self: Self or &self which rust lets you shorthand
+    // self can be borrowed, mutably borrowed, or take ownership of self
+    // should always borrow unless need to transferownership or mutate the stored var
+    // &mut self for mutable version of selfs
+    // use self when you want to transform the self into something else
+    fn area (&self) -> u32 {
+        self.length * self.width
+    }
+}
+```
+
+useage
+```rust
+    let rect1 = Rectangle {
+        length: 8,
+        width: 4,
+    }
+    println!("The area of the reactangle is {} square units",
+    // method syntax to call the area func
+    // notice dont need any param in, already has access to self reference
+    rect1.area()
+    );
+```
+
+this provides method syntax and dont have to repeat the structure they effect
+one impl can house all the methods for a struct, we can have tthe same method name as field name
+just differenitate with the use of () this is for a mthod not the field
+
+this is used in getters where you want read only access to a struct, you can make the field pravate but the method public
+
+130

guessing_game/target/.rustc_info.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"rustc_fingerprint":13662911779824945272,"outputs":{"4614504638168534921":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"rustc 1.83.0 (90b35a623 2024-11-26)\nbinary: rustc\ncommit-hash: 90b35a6239c3d8bdabc530a6a0816f7ff89a0aaf\ncommit-date: 2024-11-26\nhost: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\nrelease: 1.83.0\nLLVM version: 19.1.1\n","stderr":""},"15729799797837862367":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___.exe\nlib___.rlib\n___.dll\n___.dll\n___.lib\n___.dll\nC:\\Users\\Brock\\.rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\npacked\n___\ndebug_assertions\npanic=\"unwind\"\nproc_macro\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"msvc\"\ntarget_family=\"windows\"\ntarget_feature=\"cmpxchg16b\"\ntarget_feature=\"fxsr\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse3\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"128\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"windows\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_vendor=\"pc\"\nwindows\n","stderr":""}},"successes":{}}

hello_cargo/target/.rustc_info.json

@@ -1 +1 @@
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+{"rustc_fingerprint":13662911779824945272,"outputs":{"15729799797837862367":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___.exe\nlib___.rlib\n___.dll\n___.dll\n___.lib\n___.dll\nC:\\Users\\Brock\\.rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\npacked\n___\ndebug_assertions\npanic=\"unwind\"\nproc_macro\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"msvc\"\ntarget_family=\"windows\"\ntarget_feature=\"cmpxchg16b\"\ntarget_feature=\"fxsr\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse3\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"128\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"windows\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_vendor=\"pc\"\nwindows\n","stderr":""},"4614504638168534921":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"rustc 1.83.0 (90b35a623 2024-11-26)\nbinary: rustc\ncommit-hash: 90b35a6239c3d8bdabc530a6a0816f7ff89a0aaf\ncommit-date: 2024-11-26\nhost: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\nrelease: 1.83.0\nLLVM version: 19.1.1\n","stderr":""}},"successes":{}}

rectangles/Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 4
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rectangles"
+version = "0.1.0"

rectangles/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[package]
+name = "rectangles"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]

rectangles/src/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+fn main() {
+    // main_with_tuple();
+    main_with_struct();
+    // two values are unrelated in the code, only by name
+    // let length1 = 8;
+    // let width1 = 4;
+
+    // println!("The area of a rectangle is {} square units.",
+    // area(length1, width1)
+    // )
+}
+
+fn area (length: i32, width: i32) -> i32 {
+    length * width
+}
+
+fn main_with_tuple () {
+    // vaules are related now but no distinction between length and width
+    // less clear, would have to remember that the first value is the length and second is width if used anywhere else such as drawing to the screen
+    let rectangle1 = (8, 4);
+    println!("The area of a rectangle is {} square units.",
+    area_with_tuple(rectangle1)
+    );
+}
+
+// only needs one argument
+fn area_with_tuple (dimensions: (i32, i32)) -> i32 {
+    // much less clear what is going on here, names only help a bit
+    dimensions.0 * dimensions.1
+}
+
+struct Rectangle {
+    // negative length/width shapes dont exist
+    length: u32,
+    width: u32,
+}
+fn main_with_struct () {
+    // clearly defined what is going on without the need of comments
+    let rect1 = Rectangle {
+        length: 8,
+        width: 4,
+    };
+    println!("The area of a rectangle is {} square units.",
+    area_with_struct(&rect1)
+    );
+}
+
+// prefer to borrow a struct rather than own
+fn area_with_struct (rect: &Rectangle) -> u32 {
+    // way mroe clear the relationship between the two values
+    rect.length * rect.width
+}