From cec6c130acead079527ed483bd446de7e68acb88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: darkicewolf50 Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2025 14:33:03 -0700 Subject: [PATCH] started ch5 --- data_types.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ guessing_game/target/.rustc_info.json | 2 +- hello_cargo/target/.rustc_info.json | 2 +- 3 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/data_types.md b/data_types.md index 8fde8a1..def24c6 100644 --- a/data_types.md +++ b/data_types.md @@ -309,4 +309,114 @@ String concatinization example let mut s = String::from("hello"); s.push_str(", world!"); // push_str() appends a literal to a String println!("{s}"); // This will print `hello, world!` +``` + + +# Structures +Custom data type that packages up multiple data types into a meaningful manner and call the collection something +More similar to an object, can define related methods to them + +Similar to tuples but have to name and define everything inside a struct, like a dictionary but with set names and order +Dont need to know order just know key +## Defining +Need ``struct`` keywork then name of struct, which should describe the significance of the gropued data +All values are seperated by commas these are called fields +general definition of the type created +```rust + +struct User { + active: bool, + username: String, + email: String, + sign_in_count: u64, + +} +``` +## Initiating +To use give a owning var name thne concretely define what each value is +define the key: vaule pairs +dont need to initate in the same order they were defined in + +```rust + let mut user1 = User { + active: true, + username: String::from("someusername123"), + email: String::from("someone@example.com"), + sign_in_count: 1, + }; +``` +to access values from the struct the ``dot``notation is used +note the WHOLE struct must be mutable, rust does not allow for partial mutability +```rust + // user1 email field now is equal to the string example@mail.com + user1.email = String::from("example@mail.com"); +``` +Can build a struct with implicit values input by default + +```rust +fn build_user (email: String, username: String) { + User { + active: true, + email: email, + username: username, + sign_in_count: 1, + } +} +``` +### Init Field Shorthand +This is useful when the param and the struct definition share the same name. +This reduces the amount of time spent on repeating key:value pairs +```rust +fn build_user(email: String, username: String) -> User { + User { + active: true, + username, + email, + sign_in_count: 1, + } +} +``` + +Only works beacuse param share same name as field key +this is equivalent to ```username:username or email:email``` + +### Creating Instances from Other Instances with Struct Update Syntax +Often useful to do so, only need to change 1 value + +Slow method +```rust + let user2 = User { + active: user1.active, + username: user1.username, + email: String::from("another@emial.com"), + sign_in_count: user.sign_in_count, + }; +``` +Using Update syntax ``..`` this can be done a LOT Quicker + +```rust + let user2 = User { + email: String::from("another@email.com"), + ..user1 + } + // user1 no longer completely valid + // can still use user1.email, .active and .sign_in_count +``` + +This specifies htat the fields not explicity set should be the same as the given instance +This uses the = assignment operator and therefore a ownership move occurs with the ../update syntax + +user1 would still be valid if both of the String types in were given new values + +## Tuple Structs + +This is also allowed but not key:value pairs +This still holds values in the field + +```rust + struct RGBColour (i32, i32, i32); + struct Point (i32, i32, i32); + + let black = RGBColour(0, 0, 0); + let origin = Point(0, 0, 0); ``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/guessing_game/target/.rustc_info.json b/guessing_game/target/.rustc_info.json index 5e569d1..fad3afd 100644 --- a/guessing_game/target/.rustc_info.json +++ b/guessing_game/target/.rustc_info.json @@ -1 +1 @@ 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+{"rustc_fingerprint":13662911779824945272,"outputs":{"15729799797837862367":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___.exe\nlib___.rlib\n___.dll\n___.dll\n___.lib\n___.dll\nC:\\Users\\Brock\\.rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\npacked\n___\ndebug_assertions\nfmt_debug=\"full\"\noverflow_checks\npanic=\"unwind\"\nproc_macro\nrelocation_model=\"pic\"\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"msvc\"\ntarget_family=\"windows\"\ntarget_feature=\"cmpxchg16b\"\ntarget_feature=\"fxsr\"\ntarget_feature=\"lahfsahf\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse3\"\ntarget_has_atomic\ntarget_has_atomic=\"128\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"128\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic_equal_alignment=\"ptr\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"128\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic_load_store=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"windows\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_thread_local\ntarget_vendor=\"pc\"\nub_checks\nwindows\n","stderr":""},"12744816824612481171":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"___.exe\nlib___.rlib\n___.dll\n___.dll\n___.lib\n___.dll\nC:\\Users\\Brock\\.rustup\\toolchains\\stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\npacked\n___\ndebug_assertions\npanic=\"unwind\"\nproc_macro\ntarget_abi=\"\"\ntarget_arch=\"x86_64\"\ntarget_endian=\"little\"\ntarget_env=\"msvc\"\ntarget_family=\"windows\"\ntarget_feature=\"cmpxchg16b\"\ntarget_feature=\"fxsr\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse2\"\ntarget_feature=\"sse3\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"128\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"16\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"32\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"64\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"8\"\ntarget_has_atomic=\"ptr\"\ntarget_os=\"windows\"\ntarget_pointer_width=\"64\"\ntarget_vendor=\"pc\"\nwindows\n","stderr":""},"4614504638168534921":{"success":true,"status":"","code":0,"stdout":"rustc 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